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1990-07-19
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ELLE
ELLE (ELLE Looks Like Emacs) is an Emacs clone for MINIX. It was
written by Ken Harrenstien of SRI. His e-mail address is klh@sri-nic.arpa.
ELLE is not full Emacs but it has about 80 commands and is quite fast.
1.1 Key bindings
Mined only has a small number of commands. All of them are either of
the form CTRL-x or are on the numeric keypad. Emacs, in contrast, has so
many commands, that not only are all the CTRL-x commands used up, but so
are all the ESC x (escape followed by x; escape is not a shift character,
like CTRL). Even this is not enough, so CTRL-X is used as a prefix for
additional commands. Thus CTRL-X CTRL-L is a command, and so is CTRL-X K.
Note that what is conventionally written as CTRL-X K really means CTRL-X k.
As a result, many Emacs commands need three or four key strokes to
execute. Some people think 3-4 key strokes is too many.
For this reason, Emacs and ELLE allow users to assign their own key bindings.
In ELLE this is done with "user profiles." A user profile is a file listing
which function is invoked by which key stroke. The user profile is then
compiled by a program called ellec into binary form. When ELLE starts up
it checks to see if a file .ellepro.b1 exists in $HOME. If it does, this
file is read in and overrides the default bindings.
I have written a user profile that simulates the mined commands fairly
well. Its installation is described later. If you have never used Emacs,
I suggest that you use the mined profile. If you normally use Emacs, then
do not install the mined profile. You can also make your own.
ELLE has a character-oriented view of the world, not a line oriented
view, like ed. It does not have magic characters for searching, however, you
can use line feed in search patterns. For example, to find a line consisting
of the three characters "foo" all by themselves on a line, using the mined
bindings (see below), use the pattern: CTRL-\ CTRL-J f o o CTRL-\ CTRL-J.
The CTRL-\ means to interpret the next character literally, in this case it
is CTRL-J, which is line feed. You can also search for patterns involving
multiple lines. For example, to find a line ending in an "x" followed by a
line beginning with a "y", use as pattern: x CTRL-\ CTRL-J y.
2. MINED KEY BINDINGS
These are the key bindings if the binary user profile, .ellepro.b1,
is installed in $HOME. The ESCAPE key followed by a number followed by a
command causes that command to be executed "number" times. This applies
both to control characters and insertable characters. CTRL-X refers to a
"control character." ESC x refers to an escape character followed by x.
^X Y refers to CTRL-X followed by y. To abort the current command and go
back to the main loop of the editor, type CTRL-G, rather than CTRL-\.
Only a few commands are of the form CTRL-X Y. All of these are also
bound to CTRL-X CTRL-Y, so you can hold down CTRL and then hit X Y, or
release control after the X, as you prefer.
The key bindings that are not listed should not be used. Some of them
actually do things. For example, the ANSI escape codes ESC [ x are bound
to ^X Y for a variety of y.
Some commands work on regions. A region is defined as the text between
the most recently set mark and the cursor.
2.1 Mined Commands
CURSOR MOTION
arrows Move the cursor in the indicated direction
CTRL-A Move cursor to start of current line
CTRL-Z Move cursor to end of current line
CTRL-F Move cursor forward word
CTRL-B Move cursor backward to start of previous word
SCREEN MOTION
Home key Move to first character of the file
End key Move to last character of the file
PgUp key Scroll window up 22 lines (closer to start of the file)
PgDn key Scroll window down 22 lines (closer to end of the file)
CTRL-U Scroll window up 1 line
CTRL-D Scroll window down 1 line
ESC , Move to top of screen
CTRL-_ Move to bottom of screen
MODIFYING TEXT
DEL key Delete the character under the cursor
Backsp Delete the character to left of the cursor
CTRL-N Delete the next word
CTRL-P Delete the previous word
CTRL-T Delete tail of line (all characters from cursor to end of line)
CTRL-O Open up the line (insert line feed and back up)
ESC G Get and insert a file at the cursor position (CTRL-G in mined)
REGIONS
CTRL-^ Set mark at current position for use with CTRL-C and CTRL-K
CTRL-C Copy the text between the mark and the cursor into the buffer
CTRL-K Delete text between mark and cursor; also copy it to the buffer
CTRL-Y Yank contents of the buffer out and insert it at the cursor
MISCELLANEOUS
numeric + Search forward (prompts for expression)
numeric \(em Search backward (prompts for expression)
CTRL-] ESC n CTRL-[ goes to line n (slightly different syntax than mined)
CTRL-R Global replace pattern with string (from cursor to end)
CTRL-L Replace pattern with string within the current line only
CTRL-W Write the edited file back to the disk
CTRL-S Fork off a shell (use CTRL-D to get back to the editor)
CTRL-G Abort whatever the editor was doing and wait for command (CTRL-\)
CTRL-E Redraw screen with cursor line positioned in the middle
CTRL-V Visit (edit) a new file
CTRL-Q Write buffer to a file
ESC X Exit the editor
2.2 Non-Mined Commands
CURSOR MOTION
ESC P Forward paragraph (a paragraph is a line beginning with a dot)
ESC ] Backward paragraph
ESC . Indent this line as much as the previous one
MODIFYING TEXT
CTRL-\ Insert the next character (used for inserting control characters)
ESC T Transpose characters
ESC W Transpose words
ESC = Delete white space (horizontal space)
ESC | Delete blank lines (vertical space)
REGIONS
ESC M Mark current paragraph
ESC ^ Exchange cursor and mark
ESC Y Yank back the next-to-the-last kill (CTRL-Y yanks the last one)
ESC A Append next kill to kill buffer
KEYBOARD MACROS
ESC / Start Keyboard Macro
ESC \ End Keyboard Macro
ESC * View Keyboard Macro (the PrtSc key on the numeric pad is also a *)
ESC E Execute Keyboard Macro
WINDOW MANAGEMENT
^X 1 Enter one window mode
^X 2 Enter two window mode
^X L Make the current window larger
^X P Make the window more petit/petite (Yes, Virginia, they are English)
^X N Next window
^X W New window
BUFFER MANAGEMENT
numeric 5 Display the list of current files and buffers
ESC B Select a buffer
ESC S Select an existing buffer
ESC N Mark a buffer as NOT modified (even if it really is)
UPPER AND LOW CASE MANIPULATION
ESC I Set first character of word to upper case
ESC C Capitalize current word
ESC O Make current word ordinary (i.e., lower case)
ESC U Set entire region between mark and cursor to upper case
ESC L Set entire region between mark and cursor to lower case
MISCELLANEOUS
ESC F Find file and read it into its own buffer
ESC Z Incremental search
ESC Q Like CTRL-R, but queries at each occurrence (type ? for options)
ESC R Reset the user profile from a file
ESC H Help (ELLE prompts for the 1 or 2 character command to describe)
ESC ; Insert a comment in a C program (generates /* */ for you)
^X X Exit the editor (same as ESC X and CTRL-X CTRL-X)
The major differences between ELLE with the mined profile and mined are:
1. The definition of a "word" is different for forward and backward word
2. The mark is set with CTRL-^ instead of CTRL-@
3. Use CTRL-G to abort a command instead of CTRL-\
4. Use CTRL-\ to literally insert the next character, instead of ALT
5. CTRL-E adjusts the window to put the cursor in the middle of it
6. To get and insert a file, use ESC G instead of CTRL-G
7. To go to line n, type ESC n CTRL-[ instead of CTRL-[ n
8. You exit with CTRL-X CTRL-X and then answer the question with "y".
9. There are many new commands, windows, larger files, etc.
3. EMACS KEY BINDINGS
CURSOR MOVEMENT
CTRL-F Forward one character.
CTRL-B Backward one character.
CTRL-H Same as CTRL-B: move backward one chara